IkwacmIhWrcbia cmisWg WlivuncnwfWm , cmisWg egcmIhWrcbia Wmurub IligimWm
wdwfea cniawbik egunWfukinwmea Itwgiawlwb cnutiycawr iawgumwk umisWg egcnutiycawr
iruhugwa egunWfukinwmea cnukwaWmid emcnok iliawlwb .evencnumuuruh cnwncnef cawtubwbws
ctwmudiK ukeaiaWmwkiretcsWluKia cSwmuawg .evencnumuSef cnwLubwb Wdiv cawtctwmudiKImuawg
cnumuawgim ukwhIm csevcaeawnwved wdwfunWfukinwmea iawgumuvevcaeruk
.evencnumuteniawfinef

cSwnWdiawm Ilwmwa egumuLuairid iawguLokuhwf egukwturwhwa eg1960 ,cmihWrcbia cmisWq *
.eveawgukeaWkwmwkiretctWkwrwHufWliKWywdWa ,ItwgiawDwvemukun

,cnukwmclia ,cnutwkcawswm ,Ivunem caemwkibitedem ,Etencned cSwkWLof umwk iawgukwdwa"
cnutogim .evencnegiawvcawrukulUbwq ctwgIgwhim ".ESWvWfwn InUn cnukwrwnuh
cmisWq ,Ivunem iawgcaeaWnUmwn egcaelWsim ulIswmWl csevegurwnuh cseviawgutwkcawswm
.eveaevun cmihWrcbia

cTcnwmcnrwvwg urwhwa wnwv 1969 ,IveTcaef ctwmudih Imuawq cmiHWrcbia cmisWq *
urwhwa wnwv 1972 .evencniaWfIzwv egcaebitWk urwbcmwn caea egclwTipcsoh
,cnubwbws egumuvcaerukwmwhiruf IscneTcnuawkea cnia csOk clwnwxeforcp
egiawrWhif rwCInurwf Wailea iawg1973 uhwfcSwaea .eveaivcTOmorcp cSwkwTcneTcnuawkea
ctwkcawswm cseviawgcTcneserck urwhwaea cnuhwf egEa .eveaivcaeruk cnwkrwjEnem
wg(csea.Ib.Ij.cmea) urOTcsia uDob cTcnwmrwvwg cscviDclOm iawg1974 .eveaivcaeruk
.eveaeviawfWvcawruk cnwkrwjEnem


ctwmudih Imuawg cmihWrcbia cmisWq iawgukwtWriaWd IdWsitcgia iaWairWfwyiv

cSwtwkcawswm Ilwmwa egirWfwyiv wlcaimwa egunWfukinwmea cmiHWrcbia cmisWq *
- ivedcaOh cnutwa egcaeHIm iawg1976 cnirukurwhwa csIritcaet egIm ,ItwgiawDwvemukin
wmwtwrufemcnea cSwaeretegIm .eveawgukeaWlWmclusuawr eg(Wyifur csWhwrwnwf) r15000/
cnid cniaWaidcnia cfoa ckcnEb cTETcs urwhwawnwv 1978 IkwaWsiawfunOl unuverukcaea
.evekenOl egurwloD 2000

irWfwyiv egulet iaWDWk iretcnunEb cSwncnutiycawr ,iawgEret egIrWfwyiv ivevcaeruk
.eveaenemih irWfwyiv egulwsID iaWnIsWrwk iaWluDnwh iawgEret egEa .eveaenemih
ctWmWrwm uTObea cSwtog Elufua oyet iaWaOgWk ,enwgiawvwlcawb caeTObWb iawg1980
.eveaiveTcaef ctwkcawswm egumuruk cTrOpcmia oyet cnegiawvcawruk

egulet cSwkwhIm emcnokcnunEb Ikwrwvcswvud iveTcSef unWfukinwmea irWfwyiv egulet
.evekerwvcswvud ctoaiawfivelWvuLuh utwsuruf egumukcaiv cSokeretea cawtctwvWb
oyet wmwtwruf emcnea cmisWg cSwmuveTcSef irWfwyiv egulet csevukeaiaWmwkcnehea
.evencnukwaWTOk Wviawfibil cSwaWnEa iawgumwkiretIhea egEdohom Wvuk IvedcaOh

egcDeTimil Inepcmok gcniDErcT cDcnea gcnipix Wliv iawg m1986 clircpea 14 *
cawtea egInufcnukim .eveaivedcaefua inufcnuk urUhcxwm egcmiHWrcbia cmisWq iawgumwn
.eveawfWrwairuk InwvurEa csevirWfwyiv .evetoa csevurEa caeTOb ugWa

egEjcaWr ihevid Wviawfinemih iawgEa caeNcnufcnuk cawtea ,IkwpUrcg Wliv udwaim *
cnubWsih iawa 1988 cSokwscaWh .eveaeveleb iawgumwkcpUrcg irWfwyivuDob emcnea
egumwkirevurutwf ,Inenemih upUrcgim ctukin cSwtwaWnis egumwkirevurutwf
,cscleToh Wliv .eveaenemih caeTrOzir cawtea .eveawgIruk emcnea cseviawgutwaWnis
EvelcSokwgwhWf iawgWriaWd cmwzirwauT egEjcaWr Ikwkwtinufcnuk wdwfcsclevercT Wliv
.evekekwtinufcnuk

cSwrwv Inwv cmiHWrcbia cmisWq iawgumuawqim cseviawgIrWfwyiv egurutwfurutwd egiawv *
Wdwh iawgEjcaWr cnukwtctWrwf wlcaimwa .eveawfWvcawruk Wdwa caeaWscaih umcnihum
Wdwh iawgIligimWm cSwrecnwfua egcmiHWrcbia cmisWq ,IkwTrOprwaea wmwtwruf
uDnwk ,iaWairWfwyiv gcnipix ivcaeruk csevcniruk cmihWrcbia cmisWq .eveTrOprwaea
cSwDob cSwrwv Inwv csevirWfwyiv eguhEg iaWlet ,iaWkwtinOd iaWkwtuCcnOl egurutwd
iaWkwtuTOb iaWkwtIrcTckef iteDob IaWnis egumwkirevcswm idwa .eveawfWrwairuk evWLuf
itcnemis WvcSwmwkcawtctwkcawswm iteDob IaWnis cnehinehea iaWkwtctwkcawswm iteDob
cawtea csevcnUnim .eveaenemih iawgIrWfwyivim csevIrcTckef uniT iaWa IrcTckef
Inwv cmiHWrcbia cmisWg Wdiawf Edea cSwmuawq Wvcawruk caeairWfwyiv
.eveawfWvcaediawvwdcaOh

cseviawgukwtumuawg caeawb egEyinud cawtcsIfoa irWfwyiv egcpUrcg Wliv *
m1991 iawgurUpwgcnis ,InuvuLuh caehIfoa wmwtwruf emcnea cnutogea .eveaedcnumwgnih
caehIfoa egWliv iawgm1996 iawgutWliv unwmurwg cnuhwfegEa .eveaurwhwa wnwv
.evenuvuLuh csIfoa Wliv iawgm2001 iawggcnokcnoh iaWnWpwj idwa .evenuvuLuh
Whiruh csevurWhim idwa IvevcaerukwdEh csevcniruk cawtutugwv egcmihWrcbia cmisWq *
urWhim iawkwTcSwtwmudih Imuawg .eveawgutudwmudih egcnutiycawr InwvcawrukwdEh caetugwv
.eveawvwncnwgun caeawDwveviretctWkwrwh iawgIrWfwyiv cnutog Ilwmwa


cnwxEDcnuawfWliv idwa iaWaIhea egcmihWrcbia cmisWq

cSwaeret egIrWfwyiv wlcaimwa cnirukurwhwa csIritcaet egIm cmiHWrcbia cmisWq *
ivencnegiawDwvibil cSwnWfukinwmea Inwvwdcneg unWfukinwmea eruscaIvencnev
.evencnumwvcaedeviretIhea cSwncnuhIm Wviawfihej cnuunEb iaWncnitemwkin cnukwrwvcnim

ivcaeurkwdWria egcnWlwkea ,iaWSwmwk caekclim egWlWawtwvwnWhubus QctWm Ikwlwdum
csevudwbwa cmIhWrcbia cmisWg ctwgIgwh egumwkenWvcaed cnwkcswvwnwt cSwkwLwa
.eveawvcawrukulUbwg

ulWvuhwaulWh egcnItemwkin cseviawguLufujWzim egcmiHWrcbia cmisWq uduh idwa
cawtwfis irevtwm egumuviretWgOa iaWmuvIhea cSwncnuhIm ,iaWmuvelcaeb
cmisWq cSwfWlih iaWncnidnwscaum wnig egEjcaWr cnumwkcnehim .eveaeviawfcnegwSwa
emcnea ctoa cnevevcaedev cSwncnuhIm WvcnunEb cSwaIhea Ivedcneg csevudwbwa cmihWrcbia
.evencnumwvcaed cniaWsiawf iaWCcaekwt uLufwlcaimwa caeaIhea uDob

itemwkin cswyiviawgumwkivcaed udwbwaiaWdwbwa cSwncnuhIm caeaIhea wnig emcnwtik
,cnubwbws egutwkcawswm wrub egcmihWrcbia cmisWq iaWkwtWaud oyeh egcnutiycawr
iaWtwmuain iretctwlId egcnWlwkea cnuLufctemuhwr oyeh egQctWm iawgulwdwb egumuvudwm
.eveaedcnumwvurutia cSwacmihWrcbia cmisWq uquzir iaWmwkcswvwnwt

Wliv wtwvun cmihWrcbia cmisWq cSwncnihevid Wvurwf Ihcais ctencnebil cniaejcaWr *
idwa .evencniaWaiDcnia InwvcaedcSokurOf iawgcaetog uDnwgiawm cnwxEDcnuawf
Wvurwf Ihcais cSwncnIhevid cniacnwxWDcnuawf Wliv csevcnuDcneliawt iaWa WkcnwlIrcs
.eveaedcSokurOf

cnehinehea iaWycawbilwb iretWkcawrun csevcnUnim iaWkwtilwb egIncDik iaWrwscnek
.evencnumwvcaedIhea cSwncnuhIm WvcnunEb cSwaWvurwfcsEb csevcnUnim idwa iaWycawbilwb
ilwb egcnuHImea iawvcaedIhea cSwncnuhIm wkEtws caekwtea wtwvun csWhcaekwtea cnutogim
.eveketwgIgwh wncnwd cnemcnea ImwkWviawfevuLwgnwr

iaWmulcTcnwrwk ,iaWmukcaih cnib iaWMudeh urwdnwb iaWmuruk cnuf uLwf eguSwr cSwr
egcnutiycawr iaWSwaWfcnwm iaWawbWl egcnutiycawr csevcnUnim ,iaWSwnIrcmwt iaWSwmIluawt
cnwkiretIhea cmihWrcbia cmisWq cnukwkwtWriaWd Whiruh Ebil cnureairuk iaWaIgcawrwt
.eveaeviawfWvcaedcSokurOf cSwncnutiycawr

Ihea .evencnumwvwvcaed cSokurOf Inwvwdcneg cnwkiretIhea wdwfim csevurWhim idwa
Wviawfihej iawgulWh .eveawvwlcawbun caeaOtcaeawb cnok wtwvun OtukWk Iaea iawgumuvcaed
ivencnegiawDwvev cswaiviawgumwk caeawb emcnok wtwvun cswyiviawgumwkcaehIm emcnok
cSokwrub emcnwtik .eveawvcaedcSokurOf cnwkiretIhea cnukwrwvcnim
cmisWq uduh cawtITis Wvcaunof cnutiycawr umcnWa csevwmwnIviawgumwkivcauLua
.eveawvcaedcSokurOf cnwkiretIhea Wvwlcawb cSwLufwlcaimwa cmihWrcbia

Wsiawf iaWCcaekwt wlcaimwa cSwncnutiycawr caekwtctwmudih iaWkwmwkiretIhea Whiruhim
cnwkcten .eveaOtiruhwbea iawgumuawqim caehIm cnehea Wvwyif cmiHWrcbia cmisWq Wvcaed
iaWkwtctwaWmwj Wycaimwj wdwfITiawsos rwaek iaWSwaIx cnutogim idwa .everwvwSwk
csevcSwkwtWrwf cawtea Wruk ctwmudih cSwtwaWmwj csevcnUnim iaWkwtITimok eguSwrcSwr
.eveawfWvcaed cawtIhea itwlId Inwv cmihWrcbia cmisWq

umWzin egumwkim Wvwncneg cSwSwd egcaELWrufcaea cawtIhea egcmihWrcbia cmisWq *
cnitwmegutog wncnoa cawtcawtcnwk egutwvWbim iawgEyinud iawkwTcSwmuvcaerukwmwhiruf
Wliv ivedcaefua iawg m2003 cCrWm 19 Iaea .eveawfWvcawrukcmiaWg InwvcaenwxEDcnuawf
.eveacnwxEDcnuawf

,ctWliv isErignia ,cDcnelizuain ,WailErcTcsoa ,urUpwgcnis ,WaiDcnia ,WaixElem *
csrwleCeb ,csrwTcsWm , ID.cCea.Ip cnukwtumuawg csevcnUnim iaWkwtumuawg egcpwrUy
iawgIhea egcmiHWrcbia cmisWq csOk Incnwf egumIluawt Itwm csevcnUnim idwa IrcgiD
cawtea csevurWhim .eveawfcSokulisWh InwvcnunWvuz wkEtws cawtea egcnutiycawr ihevid
wmwhiruf cawtcpixOlef ,cpixrwlokcs egumIluawtItwm Inwdcneg cnunWvuz wkEtws
.evencnumwvcawruk

egukwtctwmudih Wvwdcneg cnumwvcawruk cSwawmwtujum iaWmuawg ihevid cmihWrcbia cmisWq *
egumwkirevufwrwx iaWkwtumWnia egumunid urwvcaih egutwmudih umcnWa cnubwbws
.eveawfWvcaed ( csevwmwn cSwLoked iaWtih ) Inwvcnutwluawd cawtumWnia

iSefcSwlwa iawgEjcaWrim cnukwtWrwf wlcaimwa Wvwyif cnutwluawd iawgEjcaWrim idwa *
cawtcawtcnwk iveTcaef cmihWrcbia cmisWq Ikwkwtctwkcawswm iaWkwmwkcawtea
ivuLuh iawgEjcaWr wmwtwruf emcnea cnukwtWrwf wlcaimwa cnutogim .eveaeviawfevcSwmwk
iawgEjcaWr cnukwtWrwf wlcaimwa idwa .eveacnwxEDcnuawf Wliv IkwacnwxEDcnuawf EdIhea
iawgejcaWr cnukwtWrwf wlcaimwa uriaWvcSwmwk cTrOPrwawa iligimWm IkwTrOprwaea Wdwh
.evejelok Wliv Ikwjelok ivuLuh wmwtwruf