iaWmuawg .eveSwkwhImWrurukifiawncsiv udemiaWaIgcawrwt egumuawg InEverukIgcawrwt umuawg
egcnuhImea cSok ulwdcawb iaWncnutiycawr .eveSwkwhIm Wvirevuguawx cnwrukctwmudiK cSwncnutiycawr
.eveSwkwhImEveruk caekwturwswa IgIgwh cSwaWmit cnumwkcnwkea enwgened cawtcsWscchia IgIgwh

egcnutiycawr cnumuvcnunEb caekwtcawtcnwk cSwaWmit cniawbikegcnutiycawr
egcnutiycawr IikwncnuhIm Wdcnegcnumwv cawtuduawvugod emukuncSwCcawmiruk
cSwawlcaimwa WdiawfuziaWjWn egumwkitemwkin egcnutiycawr .evencnuvcaudwa
?eveaOtiawbok IkwtWnWyiK uDob eruvcSwmugen

ukeaiaWmwkirevudet cSwncnutiycawr IkwmIhWrcbia cmisWq clwbwrwnoa cnurwvwSwkwmwh
iawgcaemwkiawhiruh wdwfivencnedim cSwawmwhiaWdwaim iawgumuvevcaerukctwmudiK
.evelWsim WnUmwn wmwhiruf emcnea Wviawfinef cSwncnutiycawrihevid
ItIvedcneg cSwairuk iawvwncneguncaelwdwb cSwawmwhiaWdwaim eruscnInuSef cawtctWkwrwh egIswrckomiD

wmwhiruf egcnutiycawr idwa iaWSwmuvevcaed cSokumiaWg caeaIswrckomiD wmwhiruf iawgEjcaWr
ivegcnencsia iawkwTcSwmuvcaediawvwdcaOh cSwncnutiycawr cawtugcawh egcnutiycawr iaWmwkcnwvinim
.eveacmIhWrcbia cmisWq clwbwrwnoa IkwrwDIl

ukwawbwnig Ivevcaelitwmiruk cmIhWrcbia cmisWq ,cSwmWqwm egumwk WycairUhcmujclusIawr egEjcaWr
cnemuDnwguLwa iawgumwkim cnumwkcnehea .evencnumudea cSwmwkea cnuhwairwa egunWfukinwmea
cawtcawtcnwkcaeawb csevwmwncnukwtoguruk ukeaiaWmuruh caekwtcawtcnwk cawtea Ehejcnwlliawncsiv
.evencnumwkuDob cnwkumcaihum egumwkim Inwlwbim cnemuDnwguLwa OtEverukcsirwa cSwncnuLufEb wait

: ulWvus caeawb umcaihum cnulcSok iaWsufwn wlcaimwa

Ilwmwa egIsWswaunUnWq cnidcSokclisWv umuawqihevid cSwkwaIswrckomiD InWmwz egITWp-ITclwm *
IrukWdwa caeaWscaih uDobemcnea egumunidiawmcnin cSokcsWf IsWswaunUnWqim ,iaWawgukwtctwkcawswm
? .eveycaeh ukWk

,cawtctwkcawswmwyidcnumwruk cnegiSef cnurwhwa wnwv 1990 cSwmurukcmiaWq IswrckomiD iawgEjcaWr
?.eveycaehukWk Iruhimed iawgEjcaWr iawgumuruk ctwkcawswmim iawlunWTcauh

"uLokuLuh" egIswrckomiD iawgEjcaWr cnegiSef cnurwhwa wnwv 1990 ,wmwnWnub cSwkwtogcnehea
emcnea cseviawgukwtcawtcnwkim .eveycaeh cnUncnegiawLwa "oyet" cSwaea InuTcaehefih Idunwnuvin
?.eveycaehukWk InwviawfcSokWdwa caeruawd umcnihum

.evenUn caeLufEb wnwved iawvwyif cmIhWrcbia cmisWq Iaea .evetencaekcawF

cSwncnemuDnwguLwa cawturWyituKia iaWrWb , iaWmwkcnwvinim Wvimiawfibil udwaim cSwncnemuDnwguLwa
irukukeaiaWrwvctih iawLwawdwg ukwawb cSwmutwgibil cnwkcnwkea Iawaidimcnegibil
iawhiruh ivireviawb cnutogctogikea iawgukwtctwkcawswmea .evencnuubwbwbws egcaekwtctwkcawswmwnig
caeruawd umcaihum emcnea cseviawgumwkim cnumwrukcsirwa ufIruawt iaWrukux ugcawh cSwncnemcnea
emcnok IkwmurukcnWdnwh cnItwmegukwtctwmudiK iruhugwa egcmIhWrcbia cmisWg clwbwnoa ivevcaerukWdwa
.evekemwkwncnwgiawlwb ukeaiaWmwkirevurukux csevukwtiycawrihevif

wmwhiruf evctwmWlws cnumwkitevuLwa egunumuawm waidcnegiSef iawgEjcaWr urwhwwawnwv 1990
cniawdwfcnutiycawr egukwtumuawgWviawfevIgcawrwt iawrwairukemcnea iawgEyinud iaWmudOh cnwkcnwvinim
egumuvevcaediawvwTcSwf uhUr egumutwgibil caeaIswrckomiD wmwhiruf csevcSwncnutiycawrihevid
idwa itencaemuDnekudem iLEniDnek iawgiawfwsikea cSwawmwhiaWdwaim cnegiSef cnuhwvudea cnurutia
egcnurwDIl IhUr idwa Ilwmwa ivedcneg cnumwvcawruk cawtctwkcawswm itencaemwkilwburwv csevcaea
.evemIhWrcbia cmisWg clwbwrwnoa wmwh csevIvencnuhimed evuncaetoged iawgIruk emcnea

iawgumwkim iawvcawrukwdWh Wsiawf egcaedwdwawnigemcnea iawkwTcSwmuvegcnih cawtctWkwrwh wdwfim idwa
Wsiawf EnWvcnunEbcnwgcnih cawtctWkwrwh wdwfea cSwncnuTcsiviTckea waidcnegcnumwrukctwkcawswm
.evemIhWrcbia cmisWg egcnutiycawr wmwh csevInwviawfWvcawrukwdEh cniawnig emcnea

cnurukcsia cmIhWrcbia cmisWg clwbwrwnoa cSwmWgwm egumwkWycairUhcmuj clusIawr egEjcaWrihevid
egcnuLufEb wait cnemuDnwguLwa cawtubwwbwsea .eveawnig cSwrwv cawtuwbwbws umcaihum
ivencnedim egcmIhWrcbia cmisWg clwbwrwnoa Inwrukimctwkcawswm OtEvedcseneg cSwLufcnuncsiv
iawfcnegiawDwvignea cSwncnuLufEbwait iawgcaetog uDobcnwkwmWh cawtctwmudiK Imuawg iruhugwa
.eveaItWrukulubwg iawgumwkcaemwkumcaihum Ikwmunid iawlcSok wmudnwh csevwmwnIv

IsWyis cSwaejcaWr ,iaWmwkcnwvinim IdWsitcqia iawg 1962 uTcswgoa 1 cSwaejcaWr *
cnwkcnivinimIdurwf cSwncnutiycawr ihevid cswyiviawfibil iawg1965 iawluj 26 cnwkcnwvinim
unuSef cnwrukulwmwA iawg 2008 cTcswgoa 7 ,Inubil cSwawmwhiruf cnutogInUnWq
.evencniawmwh WaIsWswaunUnWq

urwhwacnit .evemIhWrcbia cmisWg clwbwrwnoa IkwairitcsEm IgIgwh egIsWswa unUnWg unuvencnedim
unUnWg ctoaiawfWvuTcawhwfih unumuawm IdunwyiliawLwa caerukwa emcnea csevuriawaidcnegevutiaWf
.evencnIlwmwa utwmckih egcmIhWrcbia cmisWg Ivevcaeliawvwmcnin cnuhwvudcsm 13 emcnea IsWswa
.eveawgutogegcaeaInWburug irevitwm ivencnegiawDwvev cmIhWrcbia cmisWg iawkwTcSwncnutiycawrihevid

cSwkwaIswrckomiD InWmwz egITWp-iTclwm ,ibilcnwkcnwvinim Idurwf cSwncnutiycawrihevid ,WmIvcnehim
wnESwkea emcnea urWhim cSwmuvcaeruk cnwkirev cnuSwd egIsWswaunUnWq cnidcSokclisWv umuawqihevid
.eveacmihWrcbia cmisWq ,IkwLufEb

cSwkwytumWgwm ivevcaerukWdwa cmIhWrcbia cmisWg cnurutia egukwtuLupctwkcawswm wlcaimwa
iawgugcawh egcnutiycawr .evekeaWfIzwv uDobWmcaiz emiawhea csevIkwmWgwm emcnok csevwmwnileb
.evekekwtumWgwm ivencnegiawDwvevurubujwm cnwvwncnwgiawDwvev caekwtInWburuq cawteacawtea

egcnutiycawr ,iaWmwk rwTcsinim cTenibek csevuriaWlwb cSwkwtumWqwm ivcaerukWdwa unWfukinwmea
egumuawq csevuriaWlwb cnutogegWbirujwt ,ItWviawfWvcawruk cnwkcsIawr eguhIlijwm wscaWH
Inwv utwycailibWq iaWtwqWywl egumuvcaerukWdwa umWgwm egumwk WycairUhcmujclusIawr
.eveawfcnegiawDwvibil

cawtctwkcawswm WkwtuaUrcFwm egIqcawrwt Everukcnwkcnwk InwvcnunEb urWhim cSwmuawgim idwa
WvcawrukwdWv iawguhErIsWyir cnutogim .evekeairevclibWq iretcnugcnih ErekilWrum Evegcnih
IAWmitcjia iaWncnutogIsWyis uriaWlwb cSwtwlWh ctoaejcaWr urWhim uriaWlwb cSwncnuTEDiDcnek
Edea cnutiycawr ,cnukwkwtWriaWd Whiruh csevcnUnim idwa iaWkwtWriaWdIdWsitcgia ,iaWkwtWriaWd
iretcnugcnih emcnea WvcnegISwkeaemcnea enEvedcseneg cSwncnutiycawr cawtcnureairuk Wkwtulwdwb
.evemihWrcbia cmisWg ,IkwLufEb ilWrum emcnea

cnwkcnwk iawgutogiruhWdiawf cSwncnutiycawr iawgulwdwb egumuvevcaerukurutia cnwkcswvwnwtwlcaimwa
.evemIhWrcbia cmisWg csevIkwairwdihevid ivevcaeruk ctwkcawswm cSwawdwg emcnea cnwvcawruk
egcnutiycawr .eveSwgwmiruk egcnutiycawr InwviawfWvwncsiv csevudbwwa cmIhWrcbia cmisWg
udemiaWkwtctwmudiK Imuawg egunWfukinwmea cnutwycaisiawh Idurwf InwvcnIgwycnwkim .eveSwkwtWfua
.evencnumuliawncsiv cSokcnuf

InwviawfcSok cawtctwkcawswm Ebil InwdcmWa wnig emcnea cSwmuawg ,uriaWlwb cnutogIdurwf *
wnigemcnea ?eveycaehukWk InwviawfevIhea cSwncnuhIm wnigemcnea egEjcaWr ?eveycaehukWk
InEvedcSokctwmudiK cSwncnuhImwnig emcnea ?eveycaehukWk InwviawfIdcSokurOf cawtctwmudiK cSwncnuhIm
.eveycaeh cSwkWk

cmisWg ,IkwhImea InWnub ukwywbwnig enEnemih iawgumwk utwycaibwlcGwa egcnutiycawrihevid
.eveSwmwk cmihWrcbia

?eveycaehiawbok ,Ikwmwkirev IrUhcmuj idwa .evencnutiycawr Iaea ?eveycaehWbok IkwncnurUhcmuj *
cmisWg ,IkwTEDiDcnek IsWyir idwa ,IkwrwDIl egITWp IrUhcmuj .evemwkirev egcnutiycawr Iaea
cSwmureairuk WSwaWfcnwm WawbWl egcnutiycawr cnukwgnorWhiruh Iaea .evemihWrcbia
.evekeairetcnugcnih clibWq enEvcaerukctwkcawswm ,Wvcawrukctwkcawswm ,WviawfWvcawrukctwkcawswm
.evekeairetIhea enEvevIhea ,EvevIhea ,WviawfevIhea cnukwgnorWhiruh WvcnunEb cSwncnutiycawr
IsWyis idwa ,iaWkwtWriaWd IdWsitcqia WairWfwyiv .evekeawPcawb iretWgOa egcnutiycawr itemwkin
wdwfEkedun uKIrWt ihevid ,uriaWlwb cSwkwtctwmudiK WviawfWvcawruk cSwmuawq csevcnukwtugnor
.evekeairev egcaetwycaiBcKwxWvwncnwg iawDwvinemih iawgumwk caelWsim ulIswmWl

urWhim) uLotwairwa egEjcaWrihevid ,ItwgiawDwveked cnwkilwa egEyinud cmihWrcbia cmisWg *
.eveaurwhwawnwv 1950 ,ItwgiawDwvevcnwfua .eveSwycaigimWm (da wtwvun irubunuked uLotwairwa
.eveaWvcawH Udcaid uLotwaea Ikwawmcnwm .evemihWrcbia "Wmurub" urUhcxwm IligimWm Ikwa wpcawb
,Ivelcaeb cmisWg cned .eveaejcaevWyin wmcnwm WnwtIvcswvudwvun Whwmcaea cnuLufurumuA egcmisWq
wmWm .eveawfevWyin Inwv wmWm iawgurwhwacSwkwrwvwhid .eveawmWm egcmisWq wtwvun wmcnwm egwPcawb
uDnwgiawm ivcaeruk ,urwvcswvudea .eveaivcauLua iawgutwkcawswm Ilwmwa cnubWsih ivWyin
idwa .eveaenemih cawtctwkcawswm cnehinehea ,iaWmuvoh iSWk cnuSwrcSwr iawgEret egukwtctwkcawswm
.eveaeviawfiawvwdcaOh cnutogELug iaWrumua caerwnuh iaWkwmIlcAwt iruhcnebil iawgnWtea urwvcswvudea
iawgutWgwpcawb .eveketwycaiBcKwx WnUmwn egumwkilWrum ,IkwmihWrcbia cmisWg eruscauriaea
.evetwgiawDwvelWm ,uhwfcSwmuvcaerukitEv caerwhwacnited

ivencnegiawDwvibil cnegiawDwvelWm cSwmuvcaeruk clisWh umIluawt iawgukwturwhwa egWrufwL *
ukeaWmwkilWrum iawvwgcnih urwzwn cSwmwkcnwk ,iawvwdcaOh caenIrcmwt iaWkwmIlcAwt
cnuhwfegEacned .eveawgEgWaInWrUn ,IvcauLua wmwtwruf iawgElWm .eveaivencnegiawDwveviretctWkwrwH
eretEg ,iaWtwkcawswm egumurukufWs ulwkcsiawb ulwkiaws cseviawgEgedim .eveawgEgWmiredcnea
iawgEret eguLokutugwvcsuhEbil idwa .eveaeviawfWvcawruk cawtctwkcawswm egumurukufWs
.eveaeviawfWvwdcaOh WycaivcaemIluawt unubil cnegcsogcSwnwxuaiT